Skip to content

vllm.model_executor.models.qwen3_next

Inference-only Qwen3Next model.

Qwen3NextGatedDeltaNet

Bases: Module, MambaBase

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
 378
 379
 380
 381
 382
 383
 384
 385
 386
 387
 388
 389
 390
 391
 392
 393
 394
 395
 396
 397
 398
 399
 400
 401
 402
 403
 404
 405
 406
 407
 408
 409
 410
 411
 412
 413
 414
 415
 416
 417
 418
 419
 420
 421
 422
 423
 424
 425
 426
 427
 428
 429
 430
 431
 432
 433
 434
 435
 436
 437
 438
 439
 440
 441
 442
 443
 444
 445
 446
 447
 448
 449
 450
 451
 452
 453
 454
 455
 456
 457
 458
 459
 460
 461
 462
 463
 464
 465
 466
 467
 468
 469
 470
 471
 472
 473
 474
 475
 476
 477
 478
 479
 480
 481
 482
 483
 484
 485
 486
 487
 488
 489
 490
 491
 492
 493
 494
 495
 496
 497
 498
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503
 504
 505
 506
 507
 508
 509
 510
 511
 512
 513
 514
 515
 516
 517
 518
 519
 520
 521
 522
 523
 524
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532
 533
 534
 535
 536
 537
 538
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543
 544
 545
 546
 547
 548
 549
 550
 551
 552
 553
 554
 555
 556
 557
 558
 559
 560
 561
 562
 563
 564
 565
 566
 567
 568
 569
 570
 571
 572
 573
 574
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579
 580
 581
 582
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587
 588
 589
 590
 591
 592
 593
 594
 595
 596
 597
 598
 599
 600
 601
 602
 603
 604
 605
 606
 607
 608
 609
 610
 611
 612
 613
 614
 615
 616
 617
 618
 619
 620
 621
 622
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627
 628
 629
 630
 631
 632
 633
 634
 635
 636
 637
 638
 639
 640
 641
 642
 643
 644
 645
 646
 647
 648
 649
 650
 651
 652
 653
 654
 655
 656
 657
 658
 659
 660
 661
 662
 663
 664
 665
 666
 667
 668
 669
 670
 671
 672
 673
 674
 675
 676
 677
 678
 679
 680
 681
 682
 683
 684
 685
 686
 687
 688
 689
 690
 691
 692
 693
 694
 695
 696
 697
 698
 699
 700
 701
 702
 703
 704
 705
 706
 707
 708
 709
 710
 711
 712
 713
 714
 715
 716
 717
 718
 719
 720
 721
 722
 723
 724
 725
 726
 727
 728
 729
 730
 731
 732
 733
 734
 735
 736
 737
 738
 739
 740
 741
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762
 763
 764
 765
 766
 767
 768
 769
 770
 771
 772
 773
 774
 775
 776
 777
 778
 779
 780
 781
 782
 783
 784
 785
 786
 787
 788
 789
 790
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809
 810
 811
 812
 813
 814
 815
 816
 817
 818
 819
 820
 821
 822
 823
 824
 825
 826
 827
 828
 829
 830
 831
 832
 833
 834
 835
 836
 837
 838
 839
 840
 841
 842
 843
 844
 845
 846
 847
 848
 849
 850
 851
 852
 853
 854
 855
 856
 857
 858
 859
 860
 861
 862
 863
 864
 865
 866
 867
 868
 869
 870
 871
 872
 873
 874
 875
 876
 877
 878
 879
 880
 881
 882
 883
 884
 885
 886
 887
 888
 889
 890
 891
 892
 893
 894
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899
 900
 901
 902
 903
 904
 905
 906
 907
 908
 909
 910
 911
 912
 913
 914
 915
 916
 917
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922
 923
 924
 925
 926
 927
 928
 929
 930
 931
 932
 933
 934
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939
 940
 941
 942
 943
 944
 945
 946
 947
 948
 949
 950
 951
 952
 953
 954
 955
 956
 957
 958
 959
 960
 961
 962
 963
 964
 965
 966
 967
 968
 969
 970
 971
 972
 973
 974
 975
 976
 977
 978
 979
 980
 981
 982
 983
 984
 985
 986
 987
 988
 989
 990
 991
 992
 993
 994
 995
 996
 997
 998
 999
1000
1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
1011
1012
1013
1014
1015
1016
1017
1018
1019
1020
1021
1022
1023
1024
1025
1026
1027
1028
1029
1030
1031
1032
1033
1034
1035
1036
1037
1038
1039
1040
1041
1042
1043
1044
1045
1046
1047
1048
1049
1050
1051
1052
1053
1054
1055
1056
1057
1058
1059
1060
1061
1062
1063
1064
1065
1066
1067
1068
1069
1070
1071
1072
1073
1074
1075
1076
1077
class Qwen3NextGatedDeltaNet(nn.Module, MambaBase):
    @property
    def mamba_type(self) -> str:
        return "gdn_attention"

    def get_state_dtype(self) -> tuple[torch.dtype, torch.dtype]:
        return MambaStateDtypeCalculator.gated_delta_net_state_dtype(
            self.model_config.dtype,
            self.cache_config.mamba_cache_dtype,
            self.cache_config.mamba_ssm_cache_dtype,
        )

    def get_state_shape(self) -> tuple[tuple[int, ...], tuple[int, ...]]:
        return MambaStateShapeCalculator.gated_delta_net_state_shape(
            self.tp_size,
            self.num_k_heads,
            self.num_v_heads,
            self.head_k_dim,
            self.head_v_dim,
            self.conv_kernel_size,
            self.num_spec,
        )

    def __init__(
        self,
        config: Qwen3NextConfig,
        model_config: ModelConfig | None = None,
        cache_config: CacheConfig | None = None,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None = None,
        speculative_config: SpeculativeConfig | None = None,
        prefix: str = "",
    ) -> None:
        super().__init__()
        self.tp_size = get_tensor_model_parallel_world_size()
        self.tp_rank = get_tensor_model_parallel_rank()
        self.hidden_size = config.hidden_size
        self.num_v_heads = config.linear_num_value_heads
        self.num_k_heads = config.linear_num_key_heads
        self.head_k_dim = config.linear_key_head_dim
        self.head_v_dim = config.linear_value_head_dim
        self.key_dim = self.head_k_dim * self.num_k_heads
        self.value_dim = self.head_v_dim * self.num_v_heads

        self.conv_kernel_size = config.linear_conv_kernel_dim
        self.layer_idx = extract_layer_index(prefix)
        self.activation = config.hidden_act
        self.act = ACT2FN[config.hidden_act]
        self.layer_norm_epsilon = config.rms_norm_eps
        self.prefix = prefix
        self.aux_stream = aux_stream()
        self.events = (
            [torch.cuda.Event(), torch.cuda.Event()]
            if current_platform.is_cuda_alike()
            else [None, None]
        )

        self.config = config
        self.model_config = model_config
        self.cache_config = cache_config
        self.quant_config = quant_config
        self.speculative_config = speculative_config
        self.num_spec = (
            self.speculative_config.num_speculative_tokens
            if self.speculative_config
            else 0
        )

        # QKV
        self.conv_dim = self.key_dim * 2 + self.value_dim
        self.conv1d = ColumnParallelLinear(
            input_size=self.conv_kernel_size,
            output_size=self.conv_dim,
            bias=False,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.conv1d",
        )
        self.conv1d.weight.data = self.conv1d.weight.data.unsqueeze(1)

        # projection of the input hidden states
        # Qwen3-Next and Qwen3.5 has a different qkv_proj layout,
        # we need to create qkvz_proj adaptively here.
        self.in_proj_qkvz = self.create_qkvz_proj(
            hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
            key_dim=self.key_dim,
            value_dim=self.value_dim,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.in_proj_qkvz",
        )
        # ba_proj doesn't support blockwise fp8 quantization.
        # Qwen3-Next and Qwen3.5 have different in_proj_ba checkpoint
        # layouts, so we use a factory method to create the projection.
        self.in_proj_ba = self.create_ba_proj(
            hidden_size=self.hidden_size,
            num_v_heads=self.num_v_heads,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.in_proj_ba",
        )

        query_key_settings = (self.key_dim, 0, False)
        value_settings = (self.value_dim, 0, False)

        delattr(self.conv1d.weight, "weight_loader")
        set_weight_attrs(
            self.conv1d.weight,
            {
                "weight_loader": mamba_v2_sharded_weight_loader(
                    [
                        query_key_settings,
                        query_key_settings,
                        value_settings,
                    ],
                    self.tp_size,
                    self.tp_rank,
                )
            },
        )

        # selective projection used to make dt, B and C input dependent

        # time step projection (discretization)
        # instantiate once and copy inv_dt in init_weights of PretrainedModel
        self.dt_bias = nn.Parameter(
            torch.ones(self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size),
        )
        self.A_log = nn.Parameter(
            torch.empty(
                divide(self.num_v_heads, self.tp_size),
            )
        )

        set_weight_attrs(self.A_log, {"weight_loader": sharded_weight_loader(0)})
        set_weight_attrs(self.dt_bias, {"weight_loader": sharded_weight_loader(0)})

        self.norm = RMSNormGated(
            self.head_v_dim,
            eps=self.layer_norm_epsilon,
            group_size=None,
            norm_before_gate=True,
            device=current_platform.current_device(),
        )

        self.out_proj = RowParallelLinear(
            self.value_dim,
            self.hidden_size,
            bias=False,
            input_is_parallel=True,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=f"{prefix}.out_proj",
        )

        self.chunk_gated_delta_rule = ChunkGatedDeltaRule()
        self.enable_packed_recurrent_decode = (
            envs.VLLM_ENABLE_FLA_PACKED_RECURRENT_DECODE
        )

        compilation_config = get_current_vllm_config().compilation_config
        if prefix in compilation_config.static_forward_context:
            raise ValueError(f"Duplicate layer name: {prefix}")
        compilation_config.static_forward_context[prefix] = self

    def create_qkvz_proj(
        self,
        hidden_size: int,
        key_dim: int,
        value_dim: int,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None,
        prefix: str,
    ) -> MergedColumnParallelLinear:
        return MergedColumnParallelLinear(
            input_size=hidden_size,
            output_sizes=[sum((key_dim, key_dim, value_dim, value_dim))],
            bias=False,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=prefix,
        )

    def create_ba_proj(
        self,
        hidden_size: int,
        num_v_heads: int,
        quant_config: QuantizationConfig | None,
        prefix: str,
    ) -> MergedColumnParallelLinear:
        # Qwen3-Next stores in_proj_ba as a single fused weight with an
        # interleaved GQA layout: [b_g0, a_g0, b_g1, a_g1, ...] where
        # each group corresponds to a key-head group. We must use a single
        # output shard so that ColumnParallel sharding preserves this
        # interleaved structure across TP ranks.
        # Qwen3.5 overrides this to use [num_v_heads, num_v_heads] since
        # its checkpoint has separate in_proj_b and in_proj_a weights.
        return MergedColumnParallelLinear(
            input_size=hidden_size,
            output_sizes=[num_v_heads * 2],
            bias=False,
            quant_config=quant_config,
            prefix=prefix,
        )

    def fix_query_key_value_ordering(
        self,
        mixed_qkvz: torch.Tensor,
        mixed_ba: torch.Tensor,
    ):
        """
        Derives `query`, `key` and `value` tensors from `mixed_qkvzba`.
        """
        new_tensor_shape_qkvz = mixed_qkvz.size()[:-1] + (
            self.num_k_heads // self.tp_size,
            (
                self.head_k_dim
                + self.head_k_dim
                + (self.head_v_dim + self.head_v_dim)
                * self.num_v_heads
                // self.num_k_heads
            ),
        )
        new_tensor_shape_ba = mixed_qkvz.size()[:-1] + (
            self.num_k_heads // self.tp_size,
            2 * self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads,
        )

        mixed_qkvz = mixed_qkvz.view(*new_tensor_shape_qkvz)
        mixed_ba = mixed_ba.view(*new_tensor_shape_ba)

        split_arg_list_qkvz = [
            self.head_k_dim,
            self.head_k_dim,
            (self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads * self.head_v_dim),
            (self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads * self.head_v_dim),
        ]
        split_arg_list_ba = [
            self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads,
            self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads,
        ]

        # [b, sq, ng, (hn + hn + np/ng * hn + np/ng + np/ng)]
        # --> [b, sq, ng, hn], [b, sq, ng, hn], [b, sq, ng, np/ng * hn],
        #  [b, sq, ng, np/ng * hn], [b, sq, ng, np/ng], [b, sq, ng, np/ng]
        (query, key, value, z) = torch.split(mixed_qkvz, split_arg_list_qkvz, dim=2)
        (b, a) = torch.split(mixed_ba, split_arg_list_ba, dim=2)

        # [b, sq, ng, np/ng * hn] -> [b, sq, np, hn]
        value = value.reshape(value.size(0), -1, self.head_v_dim)
        z = z.reshape(z.size(0), -1, self.head_v_dim)
        b = b.reshape(b.size(0), self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size)
        a = a.reshape(a.size(0), self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size)

        return query, key, value, z, b, a

    def rearrange_mixed_qkv(self, mixed_qkv):
        if mixed_qkv is None:
            return None, None, None
        query, key, value = torch.split(
            mixed_qkv,
            [
                self.key_dim // self.tp_size,
                self.key_dim // self.tp_size,
                self.value_dim // self.tp_size,
            ],
            dim=-1,
        )
        query, key = map(
            lambda x: rearrange(x, "l (h d) -> 1 l h d", d=self.head_k_dim),
            (query, key),
        )
        value = rearrange(value, "l (h d) -> 1 l h d", d=self.head_v_dim)
        return query.contiguous(), key.contiguous(), value.contiguous()

    def forward(
        self,
        hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
        output: torch.Tensor,
    ):
        """
        Forward pass with three parts:
        1. Input projection
        2. Core attention (custom op)
        3. Output projection
        """
        num_tokens = hidden_states.size(0)

        # ============================================================
        # Part 1: Input Projection
        # ============================================================
        projected_states_qkvz, projected_states_ba = torch.ops.vllm.gdn_in_proj(
            hidden_states,
            self.in_proj_qkvz.weight.shape[0],
            self.in_proj_ba.weight.shape[0],
            self.prefix,
        )
        query, key, value, z, b, a = self.fix_query_key_value_ordering(
            projected_states_qkvz, projected_states_ba
        )
        query, key, value = map(
            lambda x: rearrange(x, "l p d -> l (p d)"), (query, key, value)
        )
        mixed_qkv = torch.cat((query, key, value), dim=-1)

        # ============================================================
        # Part 2: Core Attention (Custom Op)
        # ============================================================
        # Note: we should not use torch.empty here like other attention backends,
        # see discussions in https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/28182
        core_attn_out = torch.zeros(
            (num_tokens, self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size, self.head_v_dim),
            dtype=hidden_states.dtype,
            device=hidden_states.device,
        )

        torch.ops.vllm.gdn_attention_core(
            mixed_qkv,
            b,
            a,
            core_attn_out,
            self.prefix,
        )

        # ============================================================
        # Part 3: Output Projection
        # ============================================================
        z_shape_og = z.shape
        # Reshape input data into 2D tensor
        core_attn_out = core_attn_out.reshape(-1, core_attn_out.shape[-1])
        z = z.reshape(-1, z.shape[-1])
        core_attn_out = self.norm(core_attn_out, z)
        core_attn_out = core_attn_out.reshape(z_shape_og)
        core_attn_out = rearrange(core_attn_out, "... h d -> ... (h d)")
        output[:num_tokens], _ = self.out_proj(core_attn_out)

    def _warmup_prefill_kernels(self, mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor) -> None:
        """Warm up GDN prefill kernels during V1 profiling.

        During V1 profile runs, ``_forward_core`` returns early because
        ``attn_metadata`` is ``None``, so the autotuned kernels used by
        ``chunk_gated_delta_rule`` (e.g. ``solve_tril``,
        ``chunk_scaled_dot_kkt``) are never invoked.  After profiling,
        vLLM allocates KV cache using most of the remaining GPU memory.
        When the first real inference triggers the autotuner it OOMs
        because there is not enough memory left for benchmarking.

        This method runs minimal forward passes through
        ``chunk_gated_delta_rule`` with small dummy tensors to force
        autotuning while GPU memory is still plentiful.  The autotuner
        results are cached globally, so only the first layer incurs
        actual benchmarking cost.

        Most kernels use a fixed ``BT = chunk_size`` (64), but
        ``chunk_fwd_kernel_o`` recomputes ``BT`` from the sequence
        length: ``min(64, max(16, next_power_of_2(T)))``.  Since ``BT``
        is part of its autotune key, we run warmup passes with T = 16,
        32, and 64 to cover all possible ``BT`` values.

        The decode path uses ``fused_sigmoid_gating_delta_rule_update``
        which has fixed kernel parameters (no autotuning), so only the
        prefill (chunked) path needs warming up.
        """
        if hasattr(self, "_prefill_kernels_warmed_up"):
            return
        self._prefill_kernels_warmed_up = True

        device = mixed_qkv.device
        dtype = mixed_qkv.dtype
        num_k_heads = self.num_k_heads // self.tp_size
        num_v_heads = self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size
        _, state_dtype = self.get_state_dtype()

        # Run warmup for each possible BT value of chunk_fwd_kernel_o:
        #   T=16 → BT=16, T=32 → BT=32, T=64 → BT=64.
        # Other kernels always use BT=chunk_size(64), so their autotune
        # cache is populated on the first pass and reused thereafter.
        for T in (16, 32, 64):
            q = torch.randn(
                1, T, num_k_heads, self.head_k_dim, device=device, dtype=dtype
            )
            k = torch.randn(
                1, T, num_k_heads, self.head_k_dim, device=device, dtype=dtype
            )
            v = torch.randn(
                1, T, num_v_heads, self.head_v_dim, device=device, dtype=dtype
            )
            g = torch.randn(1, T, num_v_heads, device=device, dtype=dtype)
            beta = torch.randn(1, T, num_v_heads, device=device, dtype=dtype)
            state = torch.zeros(
                1,
                num_v_heads,
                self.head_v_dim,
                self.head_k_dim,
                device=device,
                dtype=state_dtype,
            )
            cu_seqlens = torch.tensor([0, T], device=device, dtype=torch.long)

            try:
                self.chunk_gated_delta_rule(
                    q=q,
                    k=k,
                    v=v,
                    g=g,
                    beta=beta,
                    initial_state=state,
                    output_final_state=False,
                    cu_seqlens=cu_seqlens,
                    use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
                )
            except Exception:
                logger.warning(
                    "GDN prefill kernel warmup (T=%d) failed for "
                    "layer %s. First inference may OOM due to "
                    "autotuner.",
                    T,
                    self.prefix,
                    exc_info=True,
                )
            else:
                logger.debug(
                    "GDN prefill kernel warmup (T=%d) completed for layer %s",
                    T,
                    self.prefix,
                )
            finally:
                del q, k, v, g, beta, state, cu_seqlens

        torch.accelerator.empty_cache()

    def _forward_in_proj(
        self, hidden_states: torch.Tensor
    ) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
        projected_states_qkvz, projected_states_ba = maybe_execute_in_parallel(
            lambda: self.in_proj_qkvz(hidden_states)[0],
            lambda: self.in_proj_ba(hidden_states)[0],
            self.events[0],
            self.events[1],
            self.aux_stream,
        )
        return projected_states_qkvz, projected_states_ba

    def _forward_core(
        self,
        mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor,
        b: torch.Tensor,
        a: torch.Tensor,
        core_attn_out: torch.Tensor,
    ):
        forward_context = get_forward_context()
        attn_metadata: AttentionMetadata = forward_context.attn_metadata

        if attn_metadata is None:
            # V1 profile run — warm up prefill kernels so that
            # autotuning completes before KV cache allocation.
            self._warmup_prefill_kernels(mixed_qkv)
            return

        assert isinstance(attn_metadata, dict)
        attn_metadata = attn_metadata[self.prefix]
        assert isinstance(attn_metadata, GDNAttentionMetadata)

        if (
            self.enable_packed_recurrent_decode
            and attn_metadata.spec_sequence_masks is None
            and attn_metadata.num_prefills == 0
            and attn_metadata.num_decodes > 0
        ):
            return self._forward_core_decode_non_spec(
                mixed_qkv=mixed_qkv,
                b=b,
                a=a,
                core_attn_out=core_attn_out,
                attn_metadata=attn_metadata,
            )

        has_initial_state = attn_metadata.has_initial_state
        spec_query_start_loc = attn_metadata.spec_query_start_loc
        non_spec_query_start_loc = attn_metadata.non_spec_query_start_loc
        spec_sequence_masks = attn_metadata.spec_sequence_masks
        spec_token_indx = attn_metadata.spec_token_indx
        non_spec_token_indx = attn_metadata.non_spec_token_indx
        spec_state_indices_tensor = attn_metadata.spec_state_indices_tensor  # noqa: E501
        non_spec_state_indices_tensor = attn_metadata.non_spec_state_indices_tensor  # noqa: E501
        self_kv_cache = self.kv_cache[0]
        conv_state = self_kv_cache[0].transpose(-1, -2)
        ssm_state = self_kv_cache[1]
        num_actual_tokens = attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens
        num_accepted_tokens = attn_metadata.num_accepted_tokens

        mixed_qkv = mixed_qkv[:num_actual_tokens]
        b = b[:num_actual_tokens]
        a = a[:num_actual_tokens]

        # 1. Convolution sequence transformation
        conv_weights = self.conv1d.weight.view(
            self.conv1d.weight.size(0), self.conv1d.weight.size(2)
        )

        if spec_sequence_masks is not None:
            if attn_metadata.num_prefills == 0 and attn_metadata.num_decodes == 0:
                mixed_qkv_spec = mixed_qkv
                mixed_qkv_non_spec = None
            else:
                mixed_qkv_spec = mixed_qkv.index_select(0, spec_token_indx)
                mixed_qkv_non_spec = mixed_qkv.index_select(0, non_spec_token_indx)
        else:
            mixed_qkv_spec = None
            mixed_qkv_non_spec = mixed_qkv

        # 1.1: Process the multi-query part
        if spec_sequence_masks is not None:
            mixed_qkv_spec = causal_conv1d_update(
                mixed_qkv_spec,
                conv_state,
                conv_weights,
                self.conv1d.bias,
                self.activation,
                conv_state_indices=spec_state_indices_tensor[:, 0][
                    : attn_metadata.num_spec_decodes
                ],
                num_accepted_tokens=num_accepted_tokens,
                query_start_loc=spec_query_start_loc,
                max_query_len=spec_state_indices_tensor.size(-1),
                validate_data=False,
            )

        # 1.2: Process the remaining part
        if attn_metadata.num_prefills > 0:
            mixed_qkv_non_spec_T = mixed_qkv_non_spec.transpose(0, 1)
            # - "cache_indices" updates the conv_state cache in positions
            #   pointed to by "state_indices_tensor"
            mixed_qkv_non_spec = causal_conv1d_fn(
                mixed_qkv_non_spec_T,
                conv_weights,
                self.conv1d.bias,
                activation=self.activation,
                conv_states=conv_state,
                has_initial_state=has_initial_state,
                cache_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor,
                query_start_loc=non_spec_query_start_loc,
                metadata=attn_metadata,
            ).transpose(0, 1)
        elif attn_metadata.num_decodes > 0:
            mixed_qkv_non_spec = causal_conv1d_update(
                mixed_qkv_non_spec,
                conv_state,
                conv_weights,
                self.conv1d.bias,
                self.activation,
                conv_state_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor[
                    : attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens
                ],
                validate_data=True,
            )
        else:
            mixed_qkv_non_spec = None

        query_spec, key_spec, value_spec = self.rearrange_mixed_qkv(mixed_qkv_spec)
        query_non_spec, key_non_spec, value_non_spec = self.rearrange_mixed_qkv(
            mixed_qkv_non_spec
        )

        if attn_metadata.num_prefills > 0:
            g, beta = fused_gdn_gating(self.A_log, a, b, self.dt_bias)
            if spec_sequence_masks is not None:
                g_non_spec = g.index_select(1, non_spec_token_indx)
                beta_non_spec = beta.index_select(1, non_spec_token_indx)
            else:
                g_non_spec = g
                beta_non_spec = beta
        else:
            g_non_spec = None
            beta_non_spec = None

        # 2. Recurrent attention

        # 2.1: Process the multi-query part
        if spec_sequence_masks is not None:
            core_attn_out_spec, last_recurrent_state = (
                fused_sigmoid_gating_delta_rule_update(
                    A_log=self.A_log,
                    a=a,
                    b=b,
                    dt_bias=self.dt_bias,
                    q=query_spec,
                    k=key_spec,
                    v=value_spec,
                    initial_state=ssm_state,
                    inplace_final_state=True,
                    cu_seqlens=spec_query_start_loc[
                        : attn_metadata.num_spec_decodes + 1
                    ],
                    ssm_state_indices=spec_state_indices_tensor,
                    num_accepted_tokens=num_accepted_tokens,
                    use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
                )
            )
        else:
            core_attn_out_spec, last_recurrent_state = None, None

        # 2.2: Process the remaining part
        if attn_metadata.num_prefills > 0:
            initial_state = ssm_state[non_spec_state_indices_tensor].contiguous()
            initial_state[~has_initial_state, ...] = 0
            (
                core_attn_out_non_spec,
                last_recurrent_state,
            ) = self.chunk_gated_delta_rule(
                q=query_non_spec,
                k=key_non_spec,
                v=value_non_spec,
                g=g_non_spec,
                beta=beta_non_spec,
                initial_state=initial_state,
                output_final_state=True,
                cu_seqlens=non_spec_query_start_loc,
                use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
            )
            # Init cache
            ssm_state[non_spec_state_indices_tensor] = last_recurrent_state.to(
                ssm_state.dtype
            )
        elif attn_metadata.num_decodes > 0:
            core_attn_out_non_spec, last_recurrent_state = (
                fused_sigmoid_gating_delta_rule_update(
                    A_log=self.A_log,
                    a=a,
                    b=b,
                    dt_bias=self.dt_bias,
                    q=query_non_spec,
                    k=key_non_spec,
                    v=value_non_spec,
                    initial_state=ssm_state,
                    inplace_final_state=True,
                    cu_seqlens=non_spec_query_start_loc[
                        : attn_metadata.num_decodes + 1
                    ],
                    ssm_state_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor,
                    use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
                )
            )
        else:
            core_attn_out_non_spec, last_recurrent_state = None, None

        # 3. Merge core attention output
        if spec_sequence_masks is not None and core_attn_out_non_spec is not None:
            merged_out = torch.empty(
                (1, num_actual_tokens, *core_attn_out_spec.shape[2:]),
                dtype=core_attn_out_non_spec.dtype,
                device=core_attn_out_non_spec.device,
            )
            merged_out.index_copy_(1, spec_token_indx, core_attn_out_spec)
            merged_out.index_copy_(1, non_spec_token_indx, core_attn_out_non_spec)
            core_attn_out[:num_actual_tokens] = merged_out.squeeze(0)
        elif spec_sequence_masks is not None:
            core_attn_out[:num_actual_tokens] = core_attn_out_spec.squeeze(0)
        else:
            core_attn_out[:num_actual_tokens] = core_attn_out_non_spec.squeeze(0)

    def _forward_core_decode_non_spec(
        self,
        mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor,
        b: torch.Tensor,
        a: torch.Tensor,
        core_attn_out: torch.Tensor,
        attn_metadata: GDNAttentionMetadata,
    ):
        """
        Core attention computation with a packed non-spec decode fast path.
        """
        non_spec_state_indices_tensor = attn_metadata.non_spec_state_indices_tensor  # noqa: E501
        self_kv_cache = self.kv_cache[0]
        conv_state = self_kv_cache[0].transpose(-1, -2)
        ssm_state = self_kv_cache[1]
        num_actual_tokens = attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens

        mixed_qkv = mixed_qkv[:num_actual_tokens]
        b = b[:num_actual_tokens]
        a = a[:num_actual_tokens]

        conv_weights = self.conv1d.weight.view(
            self.conv1d.weight.size(0), self.conv1d.weight.size(2)
        )
        mixed_qkv_non_spec = causal_conv1d_update(
            mixed_qkv,
            conv_state,
            conv_weights,
            self.conv1d.bias,
            self.activation,
            conv_state_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor[:num_actual_tokens],
            validate_data=False,
        )
        out_buf = core_attn_out[:num_actual_tokens].unsqueeze(1)
        fused_recurrent_gated_delta_rule_packed_decode(
            mixed_qkv=mixed_qkv_non_spec,
            a=a,
            b=b,
            A_log=self.A_log,
            dt_bias=self.dt_bias,
            scale=self.head_k_dim**-0.5,
            initial_state=ssm_state,
            out=out_buf,
            ssm_state_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor[:num_actual_tokens],
            use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
        )
        return

_forward_core_decode_non_spec

_forward_core_decode_non_spec(
    mixed_qkv: Tensor,
    b: Tensor,
    a: Tensor,
    core_attn_out: Tensor,
    attn_metadata: GDNAttentionMetadata,
)

Core attention computation with a packed non-spec decode fast path.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def _forward_core_decode_non_spec(
    self,
    mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor,
    b: torch.Tensor,
    a: torch.Tensor,
    core_attn_out: torch.Tensor,
    attn_metadata: GDNAttentionMetadata,
):
    """
    Core attention computation with a packed non-spec decode fast path.
    """
    non_spec_state_indices_tensor = attn_metadata.non_spec_state_indices_tensor  # noqa: E501
    self_kv_cache = self.kv_cache[0]
    conv_state = self_kv_cache[0].transpose(-1, -2)
    ssm_state = self_kv_cache[1]
    num_actual_tokens = attn_metadata.num_actual_tokens

    mixed_qkv = mixed_qkv[:num_actual_tokens]
    b = b[:num_actual_tokens]
    a = a[:num_actual_tokens]

    conv_weights = self.conv1d.weight.view(
        self.conv1d.weight.size(0), self.conv1d.weight.size(2)
    )
    mixed_qkv_non_spec = causal_conv1d_update(
        mixed_qkv,
        conv_state,
        conv_weights,
        self.conv1d.bias,
        self.activation,
        conv_state_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor[:num_actual_tokens],
        validate_data=False,
    )
    out_buf = core_attn_out[:num_actual_tokens].unsqueeze(1)
    fused_recurrent_gated_delta_rule_packed_decode(
        mixed_qkv=mixed_qkv_non_spec,
        a=a,
        b=b,
        A_log=self.A_log,
        dt_bias=self.dt_bias,
        scale=self.head_k_dim**-0.5,
        initial_state=ssm_state,
        out=out_buf,
        ssm_state_indices=non_spec_state_indices_tensor[:num_actual_tokens],
        use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
    )
    return

_warmup_prefill_kernels

_warmup_prefill_kernels(mixed_qkv: Tensor) -> None

Warm up GDN prefill kernels during V1 profiling.

During V1 profile runs, _forward_core returns early because attn_metadata is None, so the autotuned kernels used by chunk_gated_delta_rule (e.g. solve_tril, chunk_scaled_dot_kkt) are never invoked. After profiling, vLLM allocates KV cache using most of the remaining GPU memory. When the first real inference triggers the autotuner it OOMs because there is not enough memory left for benchmarking.

This method runs minimal forward passes through chunk_gated_delta_rule with small dummy tensors to force autotuning while GPU memory is still plentiful. The autotuner results are cached globally, so only the first layer incurs actual benchmarking cost.

Most kernels use a fixed BT = chunk_size (64), but chunk_fwd_kernel_o recomputes BT from the sequence length: min(64, max(16, next_power_of_2(T))). Since BT is part of its autotune key, we run warmup passes with T = 16, 32, and 64 to cover all possible BT values.

The decode path uses fused_sigmoid_gating_delta_rule_update which has fixed kernel parameters (no autotuning), so only the prefill (chunked) path needs warming up.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def _warmup_prefill_kernels(self, mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor) -> None:
    """Warm up GDN prefill kernels during V1 profiling.

    During V1 profile runs, ``_forward_core`` returns early because
    ``attn_metadata`` is ``None``, so the autotuned kernels used by
    ``chunk_gated_delta_rule`` (e.g. ``solve_tril``,
    ``chunk_scaled_dot_kkt``) are never invoked.  After profiling,
    vLLM allocates KV cache using most of the remaining GPU memory.
    When the first real inference triggers the autotuner it OOMs
    because there is not enough memory left for benchmarking.

    This method runs minimal forward passes through
    ``chunk_gated_delta_rule`` with small dummy tensors to force
    autotuning while GPU memory is still plentiful.  The autotuner
    results are cached globally, so only the first layer incurs
    actual benchmarking cost.

    Most kernels use a fixed ``BT = chunk_size`` (64), but
    ``chunk_fwd_kernel_o`` recomputes ``BT`` from the sequence
    length: ``min(64, max(16, next_power_of_2(T)))``.  Since ``BT``
    is part of its autotune key, we run warmup passes with T = 16,
    32, and 64 to cover all possible ``BT`` values.

    The decode path uses ``fused_sigmoid_gating_delta_rule_update``
    which has fixed kernel parameters (no autotuning), so only the
    prefill (chunked) path needs warming up.
    """
    if hasattr(self, "_prefill_kernels_warmed_up"):
        return
    self._prefill_kernels_warmed_up = True

    device = mixed_qkv.device
    dtype = mixed_qkv.dtype
    num_k_heads = self.num_k_heads // self.tp_size
    num_v_heads = self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size
    _, state_dtype = self.get_state_dtype()

    # Run warmup for each possible BT value of chunk_fwd_kernel_o:
    #   T=16 → BT=16, T=32 → BT=32, T=64 → BT=64.
    # Other kernels always use BT=chunk_size(64), so their autotune
    # cache is populated on the first pass and reused thereafter.
    for T in (16, 32, 64):
        q = torch.randn(
            1, T, num_k_heads, self.head_k_dim, device=device, dtype=dtype
        )
        k = torch.randn(
            1, T, num_k_heads, self.head_k_dim, device=device, dtype=dtype
        )
        v = torch.randn(
            1, T, num_v_heads, self.head_v_dim, device=device, dtype=dtype
        )
        g = torch.randn(1, T, num_v_heads, device=device, dtype=dtype)
        beta = torch.randn(1, T, num_v_heads, device=device, dtype=dtype)
        state = torch.zeros(
            1,
            num_v_heads,
            self.head_v_dim,
            self.head_k_dim,
            device=device,
            dtype=state_dtype,
        )
        cu_seqlens = torch.tensor([0, T], device=device, dtype=torch.long)

        try:
            self.chunk_gated_delta_rule(
                q=q,
                k=k,
                v=v,
                g=g,
                beta=beta,
                initial_state=state,
                output_final_state=False,
                cu_seqlens=cu_seqlens,
                use_qk_l2norm_in_kernel=True,
            )
        except Exception:
            logger.warning(
                "GDN prefill kernel warmup (T=%d) failed for "
                "layer %s. First inference may OOM due to "
                "autotuner.",
                T,
                self.prefix,
                exc_info=True,
            )
        else:
            logger.debug(
                "GDN prefill kernel warmup (T=%d) completed for layer %s",
                T,
                self.prefix,
            )
        finally:
            del q, k, v, g, beta, state, cu_seqlens

    torch.accelerator.empty_cache()

fix_query_key_value_ordering

fix_query_key_value_ordering(
    mixed_qkvz: Tensor, mixed_ba: Tensor
)

Derives query, key and value tensors from mixed_qkvzba.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def fix_query_key_value_ordering(
    self,
    mixed_qkvz: torch.Tensor,
    mixed_ba: torch.Tensor,
):
    """
    Derives `query`, `key` and `value` tensors from `mixed_qkvzba`.
    """
    new_tensor_shape_qkvz = mixed_qkvz.size()[:-1] + (
        self.num_k_heads // self.tp_size,
        (
            self.head_k_dim
            + self.head_k_dim
            + (self.head_v_dim + self.head_v_dim)
            * self.num_v_heads
            // self.num_k_heads
        ),
    )
    new_tensor_shape_ba = mixed_qkvz.size()[:-1] + (
        self.num_k_heads // self.tp_size,
        2 * self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads,
    )

    mixed_qkvz = mixed_qkvz.view(*new_tensor_shape_qkvz)
    mixed_ba = mixed_ba.view(*new_tensor_shape_ba)

    split_arg_list_qkvz = [
        self.head_k_dim,
        self.head_k_dim,
        (self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads * self.head_v_dim),
        (self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads * self.head_v_dim),
    ]
    split_arg_list_ba = [
        self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads,
        self.num_v_heads // self.num_k_heads,
    ]

    # [b, sq, ng, (hn + hn + np/ng * hn + np/ng + np/ng)]
    # --> [b, sq, ng, hn], [b, sq, ng, hn], [b, sq, ng, np/ng * hn],
    #  [b, sq, ng, np/ng * hn], [b, sq, ng, np/ng], [b, sq, ng, np/ng]
    (query, key, value, z) = torch.split(mixed_qkvz, split_arg_list_qkvz, dim=2)
    (b, a) = torch.split(mixed_ba, split_arg_list_ba, dim=2)

    # [b, sq, ng, np/ng * hn] -> [b, sq, np, hn]
    value = value.reshape(value.size(0), -1, self.head_v_dim)
    z = z.reshape(z.size(0), -1, self.head_v_dim)
    b = b.reshape(b.size(0), self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size)
    a = a.reshape(a.size(0), self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size)

    return query, key, value, z, b, a

forward

forward(hidden_states: Tensor, output: Tensor)

Forward pass with three parts: 1. Input projection 2. Core attention (custom op) 3. Output projection

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def forward(
    self,
    hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
    output: torch.Tensor,
):
    """
    Forward pass with three parts:
    1. Input projection
    2. Core attention (custom op)
    3. Output projection
    """
    num_tokens = hidden_states.size(0)

    # ============================================================
    # Part 1: Input Projection
    # ============================================================
    projected_states_qkvz, projected_states_ba = torch.ops.vllm.gdn_in_proj(
        hidden_states,
        self.in_proj_qkvz.weight.shape[0],
        self.in_proj_ba.weight.shape[0],
        self.prefix,
    )
    query, key, value, z, b, a = self.fix_query_key_value_ordering(
        projected_states_qkvz, projected_states_ba
    )
    query, key, value = map(
        lambda x: rearrange(x, "l p d -> l (p d)"), (query, key, value)
    )
    mixed_qkv = torch.cat((query, key, value), dim=-1)

    # ============================================================
    # Part 2: Core Attention (Custom Op)
    # ============================================================
    # Note: we should not use torch.empty here like other attention backends,
    # see discussions in https://github.com/vllm-project/vllm/pull/28182
    core_attn_out = torch.zeros(
        (num_tokens, self.num_v_heads // self.tp_size, self.head_v_dim),
        dtype=hidden_states.dtype,
        device=hidden_states.device,
    )

    torch.ops.vllm.gdn_attention_core(
        mixed_qkv,
        b,
        a,
        core_attn_out,
        self.prefix,
    )

    # ============================================================
    # Part 3: Output Projection
    # ============================================================
    z_shape_og = z.shape
    # Reshape input data into 2D tensor
    core_attn_out = core_attn_out.reshape(-1, core_attn_out.shape[-1])
    z = z.reshape(-1, z.shape[-1])
    core_attn_out = self.norm(core_attn_out, z)
    core_attn_out = core_attn_out.reshape(z_shape_og)
    core_attn_out = rearrange(core_attn_out, "... h d -> ... (h d)")
    output[:num_tokens], _ = self.out_proj(core_attn_out)

fused_gdn_gating

fused_gdn_gating(
    A_log: Tensor,
    a: Tensor,
    b: Tensor,
    dt_bias: Tensor,
    beta: float = 1.0,
    threshold: float = 20.0,
) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]

Fused computation of g and beta for Gated Delta Net. g = -self.A_log.float().exp() * F.softplus(a.float() + self.dt_bias) beta_output = b.sigmoid() TODO maybe use torch.compile to replace this triton kernel

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def fused_gdn_gating(
    A_log: torch.Tensor,
    a: torch.Tensor,
    b: torch.Tensor,
    dt_bias: torch.Tensor,
    beta: float = 1.0,
    threshold: float = 20.0,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """
    Fused computation of g and beta for Gated Delta Net.
    g = -self.A_log.float().exp() * F.softplus(a.float() + self.dt_bias)
    beta_output = b.sigmoid()
    TODO maybe use torch.compile to replace this triton kernel
    """
    batch, num_heads = a.shape
    seq_len = 1
    grid = (batch, seq_len, triton.cdiv(num_heads, 8))
    g = torch.empty(1, batch, num_heads, dtype=torch.float32, device=a.device)
    beta_output = torch.empty(1, batch, num_heads, dtype=b.dtype, device=b.device)
    fused_gdn_gating_kernel[grid](
        g,
        beta_output,
        A_log,
        a,
        b,
        dt_bias,
        seq_len,
        num_heads,
        beta,
        threshold,
        8,
        num_warps=1,
    )
    return g, beta_output

gdn_attention_core

gdn_attention_core(
    mixed_qkv: Tensor,
    b: Tensor,
    a: Tensor,
    core_attn_out: Tensor,
    layer_name: str,
) -> None

Custom op for the core attention computation. Only handles the convolution + recurrent attention part. Input/output projections are handled outside this op.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def gdn_attention_core(
    mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor,
    b: torch.Tensor,
    a: torch.Tensor,
    core_attn_out: torch.Tensor,
    layer_name: str,
) -> None:
    """
    Custom op for the core attention computation.
    Only handles the convolution + recurrent attention part.
    Input/output projections are handled outside this op.
    """
    forward_context: ForwardContext = get_forward_context()
    self = forward_context.no_compile_layers[layer_name]
    self._forward_core(
        mixed_qkv=mixed_qkv,
        b=b,
        a=a,
        core_attn_out=core_attn_out,
    )

gdn_attention_core_fake

gdn_attention_core_fake(
    mixed_qkv: Tensor,
    b: Tensor,
    a: Tensor,
    core_attn_out: Tensor,
    layer_name: str,
) -> None

Fake implementation for torch.compile.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def gdn_attention_core_fake(
    mixed_qkv: torch.Tensor,
    b: torch.Tensor,
    a: torch.Tensor,
    core_attn_out: torch.Tensor,
    layer_name: str,
) -> None:
    """Fake implementation for torch.compile."""
    return

gdn_in_proj

gdn_in_proj(
    hidden_states: Tensor,
    qkvz_output_size: int,
    ba_output_size: int,
    layer_name: str,
) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]

Custom op for the input projection.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def gdn_in_proj(
    hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
    qkvz_output_size: int,
    ba_output_size: int,
    layer_name: str,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """
    Custom op for the input projection.
    """
    forward_context: ForwardContext = get_forward_context()
    self = forward_context.no_compile_layers[layer_name]
    return self._forward_in_proj(hidden_states)

gdn_in_proj_fake

gdn_in_proj_fake(
    hidden_states: Tensor,
    qkvz_output_size: int,
    ba_output_size: int,
    layer_name: str,
) -> tuple[Tensor, Tensor]

Fake implementation for torch.compile.

Source code in vllm/model_executor/models/qwen3_next.py
def gdn_in_proj_fake(
    hidden_states: torch.Tensor,
    qkvz_output_size: int,
    ba_output_size: int,
    layer_name: str,
) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, torch.Tensor]:
    """Fake implementation for torch.compile."""
    return hidden_states.new_empty(
        hidden_states.shape[0], qkvz_output_size
    ), hidden_states.new_empty(hidden_states.shape[0], ba_output_size)